Some microclimates in the littoral zone are moderated by local features and larger plants such as mangroves. With the intertidal zone's high exposure to sunlight, the temperature can range from very hot with full sunshine to near freezing in colder climates. Wave splash can dislodge residents from the littoral zone. Water is available regularly with the tides that can vary from brackish waters, fresh with rain, to highly saline and dry salt, with drying between tidal inundations. The intertidal zone is also home to several species from different phyla ( Porifera, Annelida, Coelenterata, Mollusca, Arthropoda, etc.).
Organisms in the intertidal zone are adapted to an environment of harsh extremes, living in water pressure with the potential of reaching 5,580 pounds per square inch. The peritidal zone is similar but somewhat wider, extending from above the highest tide level to below the lowest. The area can be a narrow strip, as in Pacific islands that have only a narrow tidal range, or can include many meters of shoreline where shallow beach slopes interact with high tidal excursion. The well-known area also includes steep rocky cliffs, sandy beaches, bogs or wetlands (e.g., vast mudflats). Sometimes it is referred to as the littoral zone, although that can be defined as a wider region. This area can include several types of habitats with various species of life, such as seastars, sea urchins, and many species of coral with regional differences in biodiversity. The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore or seashore, is the area above water level at low tide and underwater at high tide (in other words, the area within the tidal range).
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